68-0228 crashed following an engine failure shortly after take-off. This confusion provided conflicting information to the crew and contributed to the crash. There is substantial evidence that a contributing factor to this mishap was MP1's failure to give a complete approach briefing, in that, nonstandard factors, configuration, landing distance, and missed approach, Accident investigation report completed and information captured. Doc No. [20] In 1969, Henry Durham raised concerns about the C-5 production process with Lockheed, his employer. Just when I thought you Americans had plane crashes with no sign of debris(911).Geeees, I guess it does happen.:-D. Incredibly no one was seriously injured on that plane, long as you don't consider being drenched in jet fuel injured. Fox is reporting 17 on board, 10 taken to local hospital, some walked away after being treated at the ambulance, no confirmed fatalities. Although the airframe absorbed much of that force, the pilots all suffered back injuries. [94] As of August 2016, there were 10 A-models in service flown by the Air Force Reserve Command's 433d Airlift Wing at Lackland AFB / Kelly Field, Texas, and 439th Airlift Wing at Westover ARB, Massachusetts. They would have briefed and established a partial flap setting, a corresponding approach speed, the need for gentle flare before touchdown, had all cockpit crew in position, and had everyone on the same sheet of music. By the aircraft manual, the engine should be shut down expeditiously but in a normal fashion, not an emergency fashion. [7] At the time, GE's engine concept was revolutionary, as all engines before had a bypass ratio less than two-to-one, while the TF39 promised and would achieve a ratio of eight-to-one, which had the benefits of increased engine thrust and lower fuel consumption. The pilots and flight engineers continued to use the shut-down No 2 engines throttle while leaving the fully-operational number three engine in idle; The crew failed to use a proper flap setting; The pilots attempt to fly a visual approach to runway 32 resulted in the aircraft descending well below the correct glidepath; The commander failed to give a complete approach briefing that would have included non-standard factors, configuration, landing distance and missed approach intentions. First, the aircraft was very heavy with a full load of cargo and fuel. 2 engine "Thrust Reverser Not Locked" indication light. The hot-brake imperative that seized the crew could have been overcome during the discussions of the emergency checklists that, catastrophically, were not run. c-5 crash landing avoidance scenerio, not intended as a joke, but as a trial attempt to improve the event, visually so far, as this is not simulated using a. In the early 1970s, NASA considered the C-5 for the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft role, to transport the Space Shuttle to Kennedy Space Center. of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd die in a charter plane crash outside Gillsburg, Mississippi, three days after the release of their fifth . But the crash does not tarnish John Leland's image of the C-5 Galaxy. Viewing the throttle position gauge showed three engines advancing, but this meant only the throttle position advancing, not necessarily the engine. My problem is that it's always interesting to speculate the cause. [52] For its voracious consumption of fuel and its maintenance and reliability issues[53] the Galaxy's aircrews have nicknamed it "FRED", for Fucking[N 1] Ridiculous, Economic/Environmental Disaster. Wings were built up in the early 1970s at Altus AFB, Oklahoma; Charleston AFB, South Carolina; Dover AFB, Delaware; and Travis AFB, California. [21] The Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Management Systems, Ernest Fitzgerald, was another person whose fostering of public accountability was unwelcome. im just assuming the c-5 can do that. ", "Massive airlift, sealift equals moving a town. 1. 66-8303 was destroyed during a ground fire at the Lockheed Aircraft plant at, On 27 September 1974, C-5A Serial No. Once the crew was tuned-up and attentive, the throttle mix-up probably would not have occurred, or, even if it did, would have been caught by an alert crewmember. [23] Production was nearly brought to a halt in 1971 as Lockheed went through financial difficulties, due in part to the C-5 Galaxy's development, as well as a civilian jet liner, the Lockheed L-1011. The C-5 is among the largest military aircraft in the world. The nose section separated due to the impact. Yet, as we know, it did. The following story comes the last book of the trilogy, in progress: Flying the Line, an Air Force Pilots Journey, book three, Air Mobility Command, 1993-2004, in progress.. [87] In 2009, the Congressional ban on the retirement of C-5s was overturned. The all-passenger version would have been able to carry up to 1,000 travelers, while the all-cargo version was predicted to be able to carry typical C-5 volume for as little as 2 cents per ton-mile (in 1967 dollars). Taking off in clear, unlimited visibility conditions just after sunrise, the aircraft turned toward the Sea Isle TACAN navigation station on the coast of New Jersey. [15], Cost overruns and technical problems of the C-5A were the subject of a congressional investigation in 1968 and 1969. The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is a large military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed, and now maintained and upgraded by its successor, Lockheed Martin. [2] USAF studies showed that high-bypass turbofan engines were needed for thrust and fuel efficiency requirements.[3]. ", "Thursday, 01 January 1970 Sunday, 31 December 1989. In retrospect, the training procedure should have been either to use all four throttles with one engine actually inoperative or to place the dead engines throttle forward on the firewall. I was curious if anyone knew the fates of the C-5 crew members that landed short at Dover? One more attraction has been confirmed for Lockheed Martin's exclusive Airshow, the event called the Lockheed Martin Space and Air Show, which will take place from November 31 to 1, 2020, at Orlando Sanford International Airport. Qubec City Jean Lesage International Airport, Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle, List of active United States military aircraft, "Boeing CX-HLS Model at Boeing Corporate Archives 1963/64", "B747 CX-HLS ", "C-5A Foe says Pentagon stripped him of duties", "A Whistle-blower on the C-5A Gets a New Life", "General asks U.S. to share Lockheed loss", "Jumbo Jet will ferry Space Shuttle Piggyback across U.S", "C-5A jet repairs to cost 1.5 billion; Pentagon outs outlay to fix Wing Defects at 1.3 Billion as 'Overruns' continue", "Iran may fund new production of Lockheed C-5. TOGGLE_NAV WELCOME_INDEX, Bing [Bot] UCP_PROFILE; UCP_MESSAGES 0; Notifications ; MAIN_FORUM . We were first on the scene and first to broadcast it around. The line between the airports does. [65][66] Aircraft 690014, "Zero-One-Four" used in the test was retired to the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base. Specialists roped off the area with caution tape to preserve the scene until a safety investigation board completes its task. A passive load-reduction system, involving uprigged ailerons, was incorporated, but the maximum allowable payload was reduced from 220,000 to 190,000lb (100,000 to 86,000kg). This led to a massive brake fire and crew evacuation. A stall occurs at 18 degrees. [56], The C-5 features a malfunction detection analysis and recording system to identify errors throughout the aircraft. Suddenly the table and the students began retreating away from her as the fuselage began to open up. It is irrelevant whether the union itself has anything to do with the action. PROBABLE CAUSE: "Based on clear and convincing evidence, the Board President determined the primary cause of the mishap was the pilots' and flight engineers' failure to use the number three, fully operational, engine; the instructor's and primary flight engineer's failure to brief, and the pilots' failure to consider or utilize a 62.5 or 40% flap setting (instead of a 100% flap setting); and the pilots' attempt at a visual approach to runway 32, descending well below a normal glidepath for an instrument-aided approach or the normal VFR pattern altitude of 1,800 ft. [57] C-5s were used to transport equipment and troops, including Army tanks and even some small aircraft, throughout the later years of the US action in Vietnam. Factor #2 (In my view, the crucial, fatal error in the sequence) The aircraft commander became indignant at being delayed because of a ground problem with the fire trucks. The cockpit, as previously state, hit the ground at 35 gs. When I finally, emphatically, confronted him about his airspeed a short while later, he shoved in full rudder to side-slip the plane, ludicrously and ill-advisedly, to decelerate and to make me forget his momentary airspeed lapse. It was supposed to fly to Ramstein Air Base in Germany, and was loaded with 47,700kg (105,000lb) of supplies.External link:Theleaked US military simulation of the C-5 crash from Dover air force base has been posted onto video file sharing site Veoh. [11][19] Due to the C-5's troubled development, the Department of Defense abandoned Total Package Procurement. Most significantly, this crew had been briefed on this incident the day before this flight. Notices It is against the APC Forum Rules to advocate any labor action which is not authorized by the RLA/NMB. RE: C-5 Crash at Dover Yeah, even the legal ramifications for the crew beat being dead. Exceeds normal recommended peacetime max takeoff weight. As the C-5 crew turned back toward Dover AFB in response to their engine malfunction, they could little realize they were about to fly to controversy, aviation lore, and disaster. Driver seriously injured after lorries crash on M20 . Welcome to flightglobal.com. You are using an out of date browser. Plane in 3 pieces doesn't look that bad.. 17 on board, Emergency shoots deployeed.NOW ON FOX NATIONAL. Later, the American Ethical Union honored Durham with the Elliott-Black Award. The aircraft was in the category of 551,200 to 661,400lb (250,000 to 300,000kg) with a takeoff weight of 649,680lb (294,690kg) including payload, fuel, and other equipment. Although there are many theories of the failures in this episode, I zero in on the aircraft commander, my protg I had hired and protected for many years before I retired. During the development of the secretive stealth fighter, the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, Galaxies were often used to carry partly disassembled aircraft, leaving no exterior signs as to their cargo. [45][102] Each CF6 engine produces 22% more thrust (50,000lbf or 220kN),[103] providing a 30% shorter takeoff, a 38% higher climb rate to initial altitude, an increased cargo load and a longer range. Instead, the previous incident they had just been briefed on the day before seems to become their inappropriate priority. It can accommodate up to 36 463L master pallets or a mix of palletized cargo and vehicles. The C-5B includes all C-5A improvements and numerous additional system modifications to improve reliability and maintainability. Aircraft weight was a serious issue during design and development. The C-5 stalled, hit a utility pole and crashed into a field. His inexplicable throttle action provided a flashy maneuver to re-establish his prowess reputation despite the error he had made. The aircraft crashed at 6:30 a.m. EDT, today, April 3, 2006, at Dover Air Force Base, Del., just south of the base flightline. As the plane slows, a fracture in the middle of the crew compartment breaks open as the fuselage continues turning right while the forward cockpit continues tracking toward the runway. There was no immediate word on fatalities. The copilot says, rhetorically and falsely, to the engineer, that they had run all the check lists they had not run. AIAA 20014619." [95] The last operational C-5A was retired on 7 September 2017. We spent a lot of money to make it capable of operating from unfinished airstrips near the front lines, when we never needed that capability or had any intention to use it. The missile descended to 8,000 feet (2,400m) before its rocket engine fired. (U.S. Air Force photo/Doug Curran), Emergency responders are on the scene of a C-5 Galaxy crash today, April 3, 2006 at Dover Air Force Base, Del. The cargo compartment is 121ft (37m) long, 13.5ft (4.1m) high, and 19ft (5.8m) wide, or just over 31,000cuft (880m3). General Duane H. Cassidy, former MAC Commander in Chief[4], The criteria were finalized and an official request for proposal was issued in April 1964 for the "Heavy Logistics System" (CX-HLS) (previously CX-X). It carried a crew of 14 and three passengers.. It held together pretty well, looking at the crash site photo, and amazingly enough, there was no fire. The pilot said they were slamming the throttles against the firewall, but they couldnt get any more thrust and couldnt understand why they could not. [38][39], As part of President Ronald Reagan's military policy, funding was made available for expansion of the USAF's airlift capability. Although I do feel this accident should have never happened, I never would have started this thread had I known it was going to go this way. ", "After 17 years of upgrades, the Air Force's biggest plane is ready to stay in the air for decades", "Congress Moves To Limit C-5A Retirement. ", "Air Mobility Command stands down C-5 flying operations at Dover AFB", "Air Force Fleet Viability Board releases C-5A assessment", "Lockheed Martin C-5M 'Super Galaxy' Expands U.S. Air Force 'Global Reach' Capability at Lower Cost", "Lockheed L-500 Galaxy proposed UAL colors, c. 1968", "Shuttling the Shuttle: Twin fuselage C-5 Galaxy The Unwanted Blog", "C-5 crash doesn't diminish historian's view of aircraft. Just before the crash, the engineers had just recognized on private interphone the several factors that had been confused but, as one of them said, Well, it is too late now., Photo credit:Doug Curran / U.S. Air Force, Artworkcourtesy ofAircraftProfilePrints.com. The C-5 Galaxy crash at Dover Air Force Base, Del., April 3 placed the aging aircraft in the spotlight once again. When practicing for three-engine procedures, we always used the worst-case scenario which would be an outboard engine, either #1 or #4. Effects of the crash varied with position in the airframe. No news on fatalities, I hope there are none. As generals sometimes try to fight the previous war, this crew seemed worried about this previous accident. I would think that the C-5 would do ok on say # 1 and 3 in ground effect. A second consideration was the instrument presentation. I am no pilot either. [26] In contrast, the Soviet Union chose to transport its shuttles using the high-winged An-225,[27] which derived from the An-124, which is similar in design and function to the C-5. 8. He protested to the crew that this was unacceptable, that, as an emergency aircraft, he should have priority! His crucial mistake, as I have said, took place when approach control directed he would be placed on vectors to await the delayed fire trucks deployment. C-5 Galaxy Crash Landing at Istanbul Turkey Emergency Landing, Crash Landing! The lower gauge showed only engines #1 and #4 had been advanced in power. The aircraft commander briefly directed the engineer to compute brake temperature limits, something apparently prominent in the copilots considerations. Although there are many theories of the failures in this episode, I zero in on the aircraft commander,my protgI had hired and protected for many years before I retired. It is irrelevant whether the union itself has anything to do with the action. (U.S. Air Force photo/Doug Curran) Seventeen people recover after surviving C-5 crash Published June 29, 2006 By Tech. i hope that your extended family recovers quickly and that they can go on to tell fellow crews what worked, didn't and what should change! In retrospect, the training procedure should have been either to use all four throttles with one engine actually inoperative or to place the dead engines throttle forward on the firewall. As many of you know I am a flight engineer on C-5s at Dover AFB. ", "The Mobility Traid and Challenges for the Operational Commander. They were very heavy, and care would be needed to touch down gently to avoid gear damage or failure. 68-0216 landed, On 29 August 1990, C-5A Serial No. Thoughts with the families and friends of the 17 on board, I pray for good news. [97][98], The C-5C is a specially modified variant for transporting large cargo. He protested to the crew that they should have landing priority regardless of the fire truck problems. There were unusual considerations, to be sure. This caused the fuselage to crack at the bulkhead that runs through the wall at the rear of the bunk rooms in the crew compartment. The cargo compartment was 17.2ft (5.24m) wide by 13.5 feet (4.11m) high and 100ft (30.5m) long with front and rear access doors. [17][18] The C-5 program has the dubious distinction of being the first development program with a $1billion (equivalent to $7.4 billion today) overrun. Serious injuries were reported, no fatalities yet. The latest news is that the crew and passengers are okay. This confusion provided conflicting information to the crew and contributed to the crash. [7][11] General Electric's TF39 engine was selected in August 1965 to power the new transport plane. The contiguous US average monthly minimum temperature of 12.52 F or 10.82 C is the . [51], The cargo hold of the C-5 is one foot (30cm) longer than the entire length of the first powered flight by the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk. FAQ; Search Most major airlines are in negotiations at this time, and many are contentious. All 17 people aboard survived the crash. Three C-5 Galaxy aircraft have been lost in crashes along with two class-A losses resulting from ground fire, with a combined total of 169 fatalities. A firefighter hoses down the crash site of a C-5 Galaxy. No. 2 engine as a precaution and decided to return to Dover. "You just have to put your emotions aside and let your training take over," said Airman 1st Class Joseph Wysocki, a 436th CES firefighter who arrived on scene around 6:40 a.m. Hed show them! [92], On 18 July 2017, C-5s based at Dover were ordered to stand down so maintenance crews could determine the cause for some nose landing gear failing. [37] However, no C-5 aircraft were ever ordered by Iran, and the prospect was firmly halted by the Iranian Revolution in 1979. ", "Pentagon cancels re-engining of USAF's older Lockheed C-5s. When I finally, emphatically, confronted him about his airspeed a short while later, he shoved in full rudder to side-slip the plane, ludicrously and ill-advisedly, to decelerate and to make me forget his momentary airspeed lapse. Changes were made to the wing, but during a test in July 1970, it failed at 125% of limit load. The men were sentenced at the High Court in Glasgow (Jane Barlow/PA) Three former lawyers and two other men who were involved in a 1.48 million money laundering operation have been jailed. Fifty examples of the new variant were delivered to the U.S. Air Force from 1986 to 1989. He had revealed his personality quirk to me on his recommend ride for upgrade to aircraft commander in the descent to Hickam AFB, in 2004. Following an incident during Operation Iraqi Freedom where one C-5 was damaged by a projectile, the installation of defensive systems has become a stated priority. The other passengers and crewmembers sustained minor injures and were treated and released from local hospitals. The other engineer did not even know the plane was on final approach. [58] In the final weeks of the war, prior to the Fall of Saigon, several C-5s were involved in evacuation efforts. He helped him hobble to lay down against a tree on the side of the field. They still did not realize they had the wrong throttle forward. They could have orbited field for hours to prepare, if necessary. Viewing the throttle position gauge showed three engines advancing, but this meant only the throttle position advancing, not necessarily the engine. They shut down the No. This information is not presented as the Flight Safety Foundation or the Aviation Safety Networks opinion as to the cause of the accident. Instead of running and briefing several emergency checklists, such as landing with an engine shut down, landing heavyweight, and estimating landing brake temperatures, they suddenly found themselves on final approach. [101], The Reliability Enhancement and Re-engining Program (RERP) began in 2006. The "rest of the story" covering this event to follow, but two significant factors appeared. C-5 Galaxy military cargo plane crashes at Dover Air Force Base Monday, April 3, 2006 Photograph of the damaged C-5 Galaxy cargo plane. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. -- Human error is to blame for the crash of a giant C-5 cargo plane at Dover Air Force Base, military officials said today. A firefighter hoses down the crash site of a C-5 Galaxy. I think it's just a natural thing to want to do. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Analysis and video of C-5 Galaxy crash at Dover Air Force Base. He had revealed his personality quirk to me on his recommend ride for an upgrade to aircraft commander in the descent toHickam AFB, in 2004. You must log in or register to reply here. They were also on three engines, so depleted power capability would be a vital consideration. While on vectors, approach control told the pilot he would have to stay on vectors until the fire trucks, which had been delayed in their station, could arrive. Television/web photo show the plane it be in two large pieces with the entire nose/cockpit area separated from the fuselage . ", "The 'radical' nuclear missile test that made history", "Six Months "On Ice": Living And Working At The Bottom Of The World. 125156. The French air force should receive 13 new Dassault Rafales during 2023, with Paris also expected to this year sign a production contract for its final tranche of the multirole combat aircraft. The aircraft commander, Golden Boy, flew from the copilot seat, the assistant operations officer, an instructor pilot, occupied the pilot seat, and Golden Boys squadron commander occupied the jump seat. Shortly after entering service, cracks in the wings of many aircraft were discovered and the C-5 fleet was restricted in capability until corrective work was completed. The maximum lift coefficient measured in flight with the flaps deflected 40 was higher than predicted (2.60 vs. 2.38), but was lower than predicted with the flaps deflected 25 (2.31 vs. 2.38) and with the flaps retracted (1.45 vs. US military crash investigators' video simulation of C-5 Galaxy Dover crash leaked to public domain. A GREAT landing is one where you can use the airplane again. WATCH THE BEST PLANE CRASH VIDEOS HERE. So, he would cancel instrument clearance and go visually instead, in retaliation. As related earlier, the pilot flying, Golden Boy, had explained this proclivity of his to me in his initial hiring interview six years before. [30][31] After design and testing of the new wing design, the C-5As received their new wings from 1980 to 1987. Lockheed delivered the first operational Galaxy to the 437th Airlift Wing, Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, in June 1970. However, he does not have enough speed to raise the flaps to 40% without stalling the aircraft. He then turned directly toward the runway. Hawker 800 crash in Owatonna, MN in a Thunderstorm, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The ironic thing was that I was in the ER fighting a serious bout of gastroenteritis when the ER went into disaster mode after getting the news of the crash. He could not tolerate criticism or slights of any kind. ", "Oil pact with U.S. firm: Iran signs agreement. Just before the crash, the engineers had just recognized on private interphone the several factors that had been confused but, as one of them said, Well, it is too late now., Article originally appeared on Aviation Geek Club, Tags Analysis and video of C-5 Galaxy crash at Dover Air Force Base C-5 Galaxy crash C-5 Galaxy crash at Dover Air Force Base Dover Air Force Base Dover Air Force Base crash, F-117 Nighthawks are accompanied by F-15 Eagles on the flightline of the 144th Fighter Wing , Your email address will not be published. Both passenger and cargo versions of the L-500 were designed. There was no reason to force an expeditious landing, especially for the A/Cs pet peeve of supposedly being slighted by approach control. [63] The C-5 was regularly made available to support American allies, such as the British-led peacekeeper initiative in Zimbabwe in 1979. They were very heavy, and care would be needed to touch down gently to avoid gear damage or failure. This explains their overriding concern about hot brakes on landing, a concern that distracted them from much more imperative considerations they mishandled. [44] Another part of the C-5 modernization effort is the Reliability Enhancement and Re-engining Program (RERP). Saw this on the news when i was sitting in the command center here, but all the news channels and websites had the same story and it didnt include the info. At the time of the first flight, the weight was below the guaranteed weight, but by the time of the delivery of the 9th aircraft, had exceeded guarantees. [106] Although some interest was expressed by carriers, no orders were placed for either L-500 version, due to operational costs caused by low fuel efficiency, a significant concern for a profit-making carrier, even before the oil crisis of the 1970s, keen competition from Boeing's 747, and high costs incurred by Lockheed in developing the C-5, and later the L-1011, which led to the governmental rescue of the company. More Fighter Jets For Ukraine As Slovakia Retires MiG-29 Fleet? As related earlier, when I chided him mildly for high airspeed in the descent, he stared me for a moment, then pushed the throttles up to max power before reducing them. "BE WARY OF THE MAN WHO ENCOURAGES AN ACTION WHO HE HIMSELF INCURS NO RISK, Looks more like a hard landing then a crash..only missed runway by a football field..its just east of rt 9. [91], On 13 September 2009, a C-5M set 41 new records and flight data was submitted to the National Aeronautic Association for formal recognition. Picture: Barry Goodwin . The donation is the third of the Lockheed Martin cargo transports Washington has provided the Niger air force as part of counter terrorism efforts in West Africa. RE: C-5 Crash at Dover That makes sense as to the streaks on the left wing. The C-5B Galaxy, operating for the 436th AW, took off from Dover AFB (DOV) at 06:21 on its way to Kuwait. Jay Lacklen is a former C-5 pilot with 12,500 flying hoursand the author of two books,Flying the Line: An Air Force Pilots Journey and Flying the Line: An Air Force Pilots Journey Volume Two: Military Airlift Command. They must be built like a Nimitz class carrier. Due to higher than expected development costs, in 1970, public calls were made for the government to split the substantial losses that Lockheed was experiencing. Once the crew was tuned-up and attentive, the throttle mix-up probably would not have occurred, or, even if it did, would have been caught by an alert crewmember. They shut down the No. [93] The last TF39-powered C-5 flew in late 2017. ", "U.S. Air Force wants to double Airlift capacity. DOVER, Delaware (AP) -- A C-5 cargo plane carrying 17 people crashed near Dover Air Force Base early Monday, state officials said. While it would be hard to confuse an engine failure between #1 and #4, it could easily be confused between #2 and #3, and it was. US military investigators concluded that pilot error led to the loss of the aircraft at Dover AFB, Delaware.The pilots and flight engineers did not properly configure, manoeuvre and power the aircraft during approach and landing, says the accident investigation board appointed by Air Mobility Command. Nursing staff have gone on strike today in a national dispute over pay and patient safety, with pickets taking place outside two Kent hospitals. Guide to Business Aviation Training and Safety 2022. The instructor loadmaster was seated against the bulkhead facing rearward looking across the table at her two students. Our own Mark and JoAnne Walter have hours, a lot of hours, on that very plane. The new glass cockpit configuration for the newM model C-5had been installed prior to adding the new engines to the airframe. FlightGlobal is the global aviation communitys primary source of news, data, insight, knowledge and expertise. This allowed no time to run several emergency checklists, left the engineers scrambling to get the instructor to his station, failed to specify which flap setting would be used, and threw the cockpit into confusion. [22], Upon completion of testing in December 1969, the first C-5A was transferred to the Transitional Training Unit at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. The three pilots collectively had more than 10,000 hours flying time in the C-5, as did the two flight engineers in the cockpit. These studies led to the "CX-4" design concept, but in 1962, the proposed six-engined design was rejected, because it was not viewed as a significant advance over the C-141.
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