james h morton alpha phi alpha

The chief significance of Alpha Phi Alpha lies in its purpose to stimulate, develop, and cement an intelligent, trained leadership in the unending fight for freedom, equality and fraternity. [152], In 2012, the 33rd General President of the fraternity, Reverend Herman '"Skip" Mason, admitted to misappropriating fraternity funds which resulted in his immediate removal by the board of the fraternity. Initial Membership Development Process (IMDP). Members journeyed across campus and unveiled a new centennial memorial to Alpha Phi Alpha. At the 1936 Pan Pacific In addition, this convention created the Alpha Medal of Honor Granger (his successor at the National Urban League) and Alphas General Since its founding the council has issued five reports on topics such as the AIDS crisis, Middle East conflict, and Nigerian politics. Alpha men were instrumental in the founding and leadership of the NAACP (Du Bois),[124] People's National Party (PNP) Norman Manley,[125] Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) (Jesse E. Moorland),[126] UNCF (Frederick D. Patterson),[127] and the SCLC (King, Walker and Jemison). Mason sued the board of the fraternity for violating organization by-laws and harming his reputation. insubordination. The slogan is still used in Alpha Phi Alpha's continuing voter registration campaign. fellow men The life of Gene Jones-his life with the League, has been a Chapman was from Florida. The following year, he transferred to Central High school where he was Tuskegee; W.E.B. a BA degree in Sociology. Nelson had the habit of This is in contrast to other fraternities that traditionally echo themes from the golden age of Ancient Greece. Houston's campaign to fight Jim Crow Laws began with Plessy v. Ferguson and culminated in a unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Jewel Jones remarked Tyrone Crider, former national director of Operation PUSH, is speaker Jan. 19", "Rev. and bestow upon Jewel Jones a unique distinction. a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. Sidney P. Brown quickly became a staple within the fraternity. The statement has become a manifesto for the national fraternity and chapters, as each may symbolically be referred to as a "House of Alpha".[8][9]. A number of buildings and monuments have been named after Alpha men such as the Eddie Robinson Stadium, Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Whitney Young Memorial Bridge, and the W. E. B. The Rhodes Scholarship is the world's oldest and arguably most prestigious international fellowship. Joseph, Jr. and Eugene Kinckle. Grammy Award winning singer Lionel Richie gave a performance for his fraternity at the John F. Kennedy Center. yourself to God as one approved, a worker who does not need to be [13] Callis said that these fraternities, SAE and BTP, were the original source of the fraternity rituals. One of the keynote speakers was Brother Judge Raymond In 2012, Herman "Skip" Mason was suspended from the fraternity amid allegations of financial improprieties and was summarily removed as General President. As a result of an elevator accident that killed his mother, Henry Arthur Callis, age 3, spent his formative years under the care of his maternal grandparents in Binghampton, New York. Thirty-two Alpha men were granted commissions (four were made captains and many were first lieutenants). Local and National Strivings 5. Vertner Tandy came from Kentucky, and C.H. Prior to his entrance into Cornell, he has studied at St. Augustine's Normal School and Shaw University (AB Degree). he locked the door, then without batting an eye told us to remove all [32][33] The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was started by fraternity member W. E. B. workers; establishment of neighborhood welfare organizations; and the The original fraternal founding members are now stated to be Henry Arthur Callis, Charles Henry Chapman, Eugene Kinckle Jones (who replaced James Morton), George Biddle Kelley, Nathaniel Allison Murray, Robert Harold Ogle, and Vertner Woodson Tandy. Atlanta Life is notable for both its financial support of the Civil Rights Movement and owning the first insurance policy for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.[130], Ron Dellums's campaign to end the racist, apartheid policies of South Africa succeeded when the House of Representatives passed Dellums's anti-apartheid Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act calling for a trade embargo against South Africa and immediate divestment by American corporations.[d][131]. In 1946, fraternity brother Paul Robeson, in a letter to the editor published in The New York Times, referring to apartheid and South Africa's impending request to annex South-West Africa, a League of Nations mandate, appealed: to my fellow Americans to make known their protest against such conditions to the South African Ministry in Washington; to send to the Council on African Affairs, an expression of support for these grievously oppressed workers in South Africa; to keep the South African situation in mind against the time when General Smuts will come to the United Nations Assembly to demand the annexation of South West Africa, which means more Africans for him to exploit. The Presidential Medal of Freedom, designed to recognize individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors", has been awarded to many members including Edward Brooke and William Coleman. The program concentrates on the importance of completing secondary and collegiate education as a path to advancement and to provide information and strategies to facilitate success. Origin of Alpha Phi Alpha 2. about his retirement and the progress of race relations he witnessed in as Director and a Department of Industrial Relations. singing every night when we were intent on studying, as a compensatory Mr. Jones was then appointed The chapter was behind on rent payments and other important financial obligations. President A. Maceo Smith. The House of Representatives passed House Concurrent Resolution 384, approved 4220,[144] which recognized and honored Alpha Phi Alpha as the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans, its accomplishments and its historic milestone. AlphaEast: First of All, Leading the Way! James Morton was considered and selected but at the time was not registered at the university. Austin Kilgore [Lee receives probation in Alpha case], Aaron Crutison (acting), April-December 2012, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, North American Interfraternity Conference. The allegations claimed that members of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity repeatedly struck and paddled pledges hard enough to cause bruises, and one pledge was paddled so hard that he was unable to sleep on his back for several nights. Shortly afterwards, his father, the Rev. National Conference on Social Work; Chairman of the Harlem Adult Franklin Delanor Roosevelt as a member of his black cabinet, also He died in 1954. Advisory Committee of the Boy Scouts of America; Vice President of the diversion. Olivet Baptist Church on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New Poindexter, President of the Social Study Club. [66], In 1961, Whitney Young became the executive director of the National Urban League. until it was approved by the Fraternity. Pledges were sleep deprived, paddled, and forced on a strict diet. mid year examinations. Our task is endless. Alpha Phi Alpha declared 2006 the beginning of its "Centennial Era" as it readied for its Centenary, framed by the slogan "First of All, Servants of All, We Shall Transcend All". Urban League was not just a job for Jewel Jones, it was a passion. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." [8], Robert Ogle had seen an article in the Chicago Defender magazine about a Negro fraternity at Ohio State University called Pi Gamma Omicron, of which the university had no knowledge. memory with the assistance of Brother Callis. This was denied. [19] The preamble states the purpose of Alpha Phi Alpha: To promote a more perfect union among college men; to aid in and insist upon the personal progress of its members; to further brotherly love and a fraternal spirit within the organization; to discountenance evil; to destroy all prejudices; to preserve the sanctity of the home, the personification of virtue and the chastity of woman. The use of the word "Negro" in the membership clause of the constitution which referred to "any Negro male student" would be changed to read "any male student." recognition from the Fraternity for his role in its organization. When the ministry. He was listed on the 5th Initiation Banquet on November 6, 1910, at Cornell University. With her Charles Hamilton Houston, a Harvard Law School graduate and a law professor at Howard University, first began a campaign in the 1930s to challenge racial discrimination in the federal courts. Garvin saw that it was vital that the Fraternity establish a mindful image and perception for future generations. During the New Deal era, much would change for the cause of and Raleigh Emacipation Society, and served on the board at St. Augustines. Canada. National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, National Football League Players Association, "Alpha Response to Supreme Court Decision", "Herman Branson, sickle cell physicist . to aid downtrodden humanity in its efforts to achieve higher social, economic and intellectual status. Frederick D. Patterson", "The Centenary Report Of The Alpha Phi Alpha World Policy Council", "John Hope Franklin, a timeless educator", "Dr. Kelly Miller: Johns Hopkins University's First Black Student", "Celebration Of The Life Of John H. Johnson 19182005", "Samuel Pierce Jr., housing secretary in Reagan era", "Duke EllingtonComposer, Pianist and Jazz Bandleader", "Our Brother Duke Ellington would have been 100 years old today! Planning Board by Governor Lehman. . Jewel Jones was a workaholic. in three different classes. shared with Vertner Woodson Tandy to make plans for the new year. Nathaniel Allison Murray, George Biddle Kelley, Henry Arthur Callis and In 1868, Joseph Jones entered the Richmond Institute (now 189 days 22 hours 10 minutes 54 seconds. Honorary member Kelly Miller was the first African American to be admitted to Johns Hopkins University. He illegally wrote 10 checks totaling about $1,200 from the Appalachian State University chapter's bank account. With global expansion as a platform, the fraternity chartered new chapters in the eastern hemisphere at the 2010 National Convention in Las Vegas, NV. ", "Martin L. King Jr. Holiday Exclusive: How a Historic Photo Serves as Inspiration for Writer of 'Stomp The Yard' Gregory Anderson", "The Adventures of DJ Zel Millennial Renaissance Man", "Lineage-Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. Alpha Epsilon Chapter", "President Mason sets focus on America's black boys", "Fraternity Highlights Activism, Commitment To Improving Community", "Congrats, Brother Barry Jenkins #Oscars", "Profile Jackson State University Professor & Shots Fired Star Yohance Myles", "Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc Tackled the "N-Word", "HUMPHREY, Hubert Horatio, Jr., (1911 1978)", "Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony of the Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Hubert H. Humphrey", "William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.: Breaking the Color Barrier at the U.S. Supreme Court", "Former senator awarded Congressional Gold Medal", "Origins and the History of the Congressional Black Caucus", "Congressman Scott Honors Centennial Anniversary of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity", "Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity congratulates member Raphael Warnock on victory in Georgia", "Archibald Carey, Jr., Judge, diplomat, policymaker", "Frederick Douglass: The Hypocrisy of American Slavery, July 4, 1852", "Biographical Sketches of Diversity at Rutgers", "Andrew Young, statesman, businessman, humanitarian", "Young as Candidate: Hard Road, Light Touch", "Byron W. Brown, Mayor of Buffalo, New York", "Brother Lawrence D. Crawford, DDS, Elected Mayor of Saginaw, Michigan", "Ex-Detroit Mayor Kilpatrick convicted in corruption case", "More about Gov. Some of its members who were trial lawyers argued many of the nation's major court cases involving civil rights and civil liberties. It investigated the performance of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal agencies to assess the status of the black population, both as to treatment of agencies' employees and in the quality of services rendered to American blacks. African-American brotherhood. Richmond Theological Seminary) with plans to prepare himself for the He served as Executive Secretary for over He [5][11], The divisive issue of whether the terms "club" or "fraternity" should be used was still debated. One of the most notable contributions made by Garvin was the national incorporation of the fraternity under the laws of Congress. The unanimous decision to change the constitution happened in 1945 and was the first official action by a BGLO to allow the admission of all colors and races. The family hired an attorney to help hold the fraternity accountable for his death. He also assisted with the coaching of No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies "the end". The First Steps in Expansion 4. Mrs. Nelson would run upstairs, throw open our door without knocking and Channelwood contains additional structures named after General Presidents James R. Williams and Charles Wesley, and streets named for fraternity founders Tandy and Ogle. Each chapter must put its part of the program over with interest and drive. The her elderly husband was the minister.Mrs. The Leaven of Self-Examination The fraternity's constitution was adopted on December 4, 1906, limiting membership to "Negro male" students and providing that the General Convention of the Fraternity would be created following the establishment of the fourth chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha. gave him a rising vote of thanks. Bethune Cookman College. [135], Alpha Phi Alpha utilizes motifs from Ancient Egypt and uses images and songs depicting the Her-em-akhet (Great Sphinx of Giza), pharaohs, and other Egyptian artifacts to represent the organization. Alpha Phi Fraternity Inc. is the first fraternity historically African-American . In the fall of 1907, Jewel Jones and the Chapter met in the room he MA degree in Sociology. Arts of Science selecting Social Science as his major subject and [9] There was disagreement about the group's purpose: some wanted a social and literary club where everyone could participate; others wanted a traditional fraternal organization. The council promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other mediums for the exchange of information, and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions. No money or chips were used, but invariably two, a son Dr. Vann Kinckle Jones, a podiatrist and a daughter Betty Mr. Speaker, it is an honor and special privilege to address this great body on such an auspicious occasion. [5] He acted as president of the group and continued in office during the formation of the early policies and also through the first initiation in Alpha Phi Alpha society." The Leven of Self-Examination We should never forget this act that set forth theestablishment of our brotherhood ofAlphaPhiAlpha, Fraternity, Inc. as one of the first single acts of membership when we look at the origin and foundation of our dear fraternity. created happiness for thousands-and through his associates over the Joseph E. Lowery, Rev. "[42], In 1981, the fraternity celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in Dallas, Texas, featuring a presentation of the New Thrust Program consisting of the Million Dollar Fund Drive, the Leadership Development and Citizenship Institutes, and the quest to obtain a national holiday for fraternity brother Martin Luther King Jr.[70]. organized out of a club of young college men who were known as the constitution was written, it stated that after the fourth chapter was Jones Dowling, a retired librarian. Mahlangan, a member. Brother Roscoe Giles recalled that while In proportion to what he does for his Chapter and for Alpha Phi Alpha will a member receive lasting benefits from the Fraternity to himself in the way of self development by duty well done, and the respect of the Brothers served. Charles H. Wesley is the author of the fraternity's history book. [5] In December 1905, Poindexter organized a meeting of students which included Murray, Ogle, Phillips, Chapman, Kelley, Callis, Tandy, and George Tompkins. At the time of his retirement in 1950, the George B. Kelly [27], The first general convention assembled in December 1908 at Howard University in Washington, D.C., producing the first ritual and the election of the first General President of Alpha Phi Alpha, Moses A. Colgate), from which he graduated in 1872. Jones also joined the Constitution Committee. But an underground pledging process often includes paddling, assaults, and terror, 8 indicted in SMU fraternity hazing: Prosecutor says victim's injuries warranted felony assault charges, "UCF update: school says death was not hazing-related; family wants answers to cause of death", "Two UCF Frats Accused Of Hazing; Pledge's Death Not Investigated | www.wftv.com", "Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity at Mercer suspended for hazing", "Amid Hazing Issues, Alpha Phi Alpha Halts Membership Intake Nationwide", "Alpha Phi Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta Removed From Emory University Campus For Hazing Violations", With 11 more guilty pleas, JSU hazing charges resolved, "Charges dismissed against 3 in VSU hazing case", "Student Slaps Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. With $3M Lawsuit For Hazing", "Six University of Akron frat members charged in hazing of 21-year-old pledge", "University of Tennessee Suspends Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity On Charges of Hazing", "College Student's Bizarre Death Allegedly Linked To Frat Hazing", "Attorney dismisses report of 'no evidence of hazing' in Buff State student's death", "Fraternity Hazing at Virginia Tech: Alpha Phi Alpha Banned for 10 Years", "Fraternity hazing might be involved in UC Riverside student's death, police say", "Death of UC Riverside student raises question of fraternity hazing", "Ole Miss suspends Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity for hazing", "THE INVESTIGATORS: Alleged hazing reported at Southern University, Alpha Phi Alpha chapter suspended while school investigates", Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity - Howard Archive, "The Centenary Report of the World Policy Council", Alpha Phi Alpha: A Centennial Celebration, Cornell University, "H. Con. [12] Prior to the December 4th, 1906 meeting Poindexter had submitted his letter of resignation from the Alpha Phi Alpha club / society, as he took a new job in Hampton University in Virginia. [26], The fraternity chartered its first international chapter at the University of Toronto in 1908. pitched voice, he cried out, Don t you dare cut my Ace. 384: Recognizing and honoring the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity", North American fraternity and sorority housing, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_Phi_Alpha&oldid=1132244441, Student organizations established in 1906, Articles with dead external links from August 2011, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013, Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Alphas, Ice Cold Brothas, The Oldest & The Coldest, Men of Distinction, Manly Deeds, Scholarship, and Love For All Mankind, Aaron Crutison Sr. (acting), April 2012 December 2012, This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 23:39. The activities of the league included: Travelers aid work; Big Brothers [67], In 1968, after the assassination of fraternity brother Martin Luther King Jr., Alpha Phi Alpha proposed erecting a permanent memorial to King in Washington, D.C. [67] King is a member of the fraternity, initiated into the organization via Sigma Chapter on June 22, 1952,[95] while he was attending Boston University. his father was on the faculty. Arriving from West Virginia, Brother Morton was not registered during the 1905-1906 academic year but associated with the Social Study Club. Brother Gordon Holmes Jonesbecame a member ofAlphaPhiAlphaSociety (at that time) on October 30, 1906, and made the first writing reference of on the Banquet program; he spoke at the second Initiation Banquet on Benefits; served on the 2nd Committee on Pins and from historical records suggests he was Chairman during the meeting on May 7, 1907, reporting he had received no correspondence from the catalog firm regarding pins. [167][168], In 2014, a $3 million lawsuit was filed against the fraternity by a former pledge who was subject to humiliation and abuse. [115] In 2012, the University of Florida chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha was also accused of hazing. befriended poet and author Bro. The organization views its future plan to 'adopt' a school in Haiti as "a great opportunity for the first black intercollegiate fraternity to stand in solidarity with the first independent black Republic. [140], Alpha Phi Alpha Men: A Century of Leadership is a historical documentary on Alpha Phi Alpha's century of leadership and service. [119] Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of the fraternity's Omega chapter in 1921. with all of us clad in our birthday suits. Mason filed a lawsuit that contended the board of directors violated the fraternity's constitution and by-laws when it suspended him. [45], The Education Foundation was created in recognition of the educational, economic, and social needs of African Americans in the United States. [171], On January 29, 2016, Bradley Doyley, a senior and basketball player at Buffalo State College was pronounced dead allegedly of a hazing related pledging ritual. [13] His leadership was significant during the early stages of the organization. In 1996, the United States Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to permit Alpha Phi Alpha to establish a memorial on Department of Interior lands in the District of Columbia, giving the fraternity until November 2003 to raise $100million and break ground. The history, leadership, membership, activities, and continued progress of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated has been documented in a number of publications. We will go to great lengths to lend our voices, our time, our expertise and our money to solve the problems that humankind must solve as we move into the 21st century. One of the major discussions of Joness administration was the But then he vanished", "GREAT LEADERS: THE BLACK ODYSSEY OF LYMAN JOHNSON", "Johnson, Lyman T. [Johnson v. Board of Trustees]", "Jesse Moorland, civic leader and much more! Fraternity. She and her husband were the parents of two sons So concerned was Jewel Jones about the perception of the welfare of James Morton was removed as a founder, yet continues to be listed as one of the first initiates. He served as treasurer Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor. Given financial restraints which would was a member of the Educational Board of the Virginia Baptist State ministry led to his ordination in 1977. Morton to serve in various capacities at an early age. and refereed many of the games. General President Milton C. Davis established the World Policy Council in 1996 as a nonprofit and nonpartisan think tank with a mission as stated in its centenary report "to address issues of concern to our brotherhood, our communities, our Nation, and the world."[29][73]. Historian Charles H. Wesley met to discuss the placement of the seventh On December 4, 2000, a marble and bronze plaque was laid by Alpha Phi Alpha to dedicate the site where the memorial was to be built. Mrs. Annie C Singleton played a pivotal part in helping the organization in its early years. [153], In 2012, fraternity member Curtiss Stanford, was arrested and charged with three counts of embezzlement. Individuals involved in hazing face severe disciplinary action by the fraternity and are referred to the local legal authorities.[109]. son Eugene, Jr. attended Cornell University like his father and was also Buildings, monuments, stadiums, arenas, courthouses, and schools have been named after Alpha men, such as the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, the Whitney Young Memorial Bridge, the Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium, the Paul Robeson Plaza at Rutgers University, the Jack Trice Stadium at Iowa State University, the John H. Johnson School of Communication at Howard University, the Oscar W. Ritchie Pan-African Cultural Arts Center at Kent State University, the Arvarh E. Strickland General Classroom Building at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the G. Larry James Memorial Stadium, the Edward W. Brooke Courthouse, the John H. Stroger Cook County hospital, the John Hope Franklin Memorial Plaza in Tulsa Oklahoma, the Stephan P. Mickle, sr. Alpha Phi Alpha is a social organization with a service organization mission and provided leadership and service during the Great Depression, World Wars, and Civil Rights Movement. "[172] The family's attorney dismiss the claim hazing was not involved in Doyley's death. Alpha Phi Alpha is the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. The figure also includes $10million in matching funds provided by the United States Congress. Joness early work with the League He was appointed to the Committee of Constitution and By-laws in January 1907. Then Jones has On December 30, 1952, at the 38th General Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, during the presidency of Brother A. Maceo Smith, a special committee consisting of founders Nathaniel Allison Murray, George Biddle Kelley, Henry Arthur Callis and Historian Charles H. Wesley met to discuss the placement of the seventh founder of the fraternity. staff of 399 and a budget of $1.5 million dollars. After the vote to become a Fraternity, he was appointed to a Committee of Organization. We must not shoot in the air, but accomplish results. He provided entertainment with a selection at the Zion Church bazaar. Records also indicate his committee meeting may have taken place in his room as the meeting on April 23, 1907, indicates the place for the next meeting at the room of Brother Gordon Jones. The memoriala wall in the form of a "J" in recognition of the Jewels features a bench and a plaque and is situated in front of the university's Barnes Hall. [14] Murray was emphatic in his belief that Poindexter should not be considered to be a founder despite his role. The 2006 Centennial Celebration Kickoff launched with a "pilgrimage" to Cornell University on November 19, 2005. The Federal Housing Act (of 1963) requested non-profit organizations to get involved with providing housing for low-income families, individuals and senior citizens. [165], In 2013, 15 Alpha Phi Alpha members pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment charges arising from off-campus hazing at Jacksonville State University in 2011, in which pledges were beaten, humiliated, hospitalized, and forced to drink toxic drinks until they vomited. Howard University in 1880, and taught in the public schools for a period However, the citizens were mostly dark-skinned black and brown people" according to journalist and Alpha Phi Alpha brother Tony Brown. The fraternity was placed on suspension until August 2016. [71], In 2006, more than 10,000 Alpha Phi Alpha members gathered in Washington, D.C., to participate in the fraternity's centennial convention to lay the groundwork for another 100 years of service. [148], Alpha Phi Alpha is the first intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity in the United States established for people of African descent, and the paragon for the Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs) that followed.
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