major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). (2010). Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Deforestation 4. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, 2017). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Because agriculture is the primary source for . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Table 9. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. . Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Your email address will not be published. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. 3099067 In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). Two of the most. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. 4. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . 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Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Agriculture in Ethiopia. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations.
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